Linux is a Unix-like operating system that is used on many computers. It is free and open source software, and it has a large number of applications and libraries. There are a few ways to reboot or shutdown Linux using the command line. The first way is to use the shutdown command. This command shuts down Linux and removes all the files and directories that are in its directory structure. The second way is to use the reboot command. This command restores all the files and directories that were removed by the shutdown command.
We’re Going Down
Sometimes you just have to go for the reboot or the total shutdown. If you’re working on a GUI-less server or you’re on an SSH session to a remote computer, the command line is your only option. Linux and Unix-like systems such as macOS provide several commands to shutdown or reboot your system right from the command line.
The commands you can use are:
shutdown reboot halt poweroff
Looking through the man pages for these commands can be confusing. Depending on which command line options you choose, all of these commands can perform shutdowns, reboots, and system halts. In fact, the man pages for reboot, halt, and poweroff contain exactly the same information.
What’s Behind This?
The answer lies in the systemd bootstrap system which replaced the venerable System V init system. In the Linux world, Fedora started to use systemd in 2011. Since then it has been adopted by a great many distributions. Debian and Ubuntu swapped to systemd in 2015.
On systemd-based distributions the shutdown, reboot, halt, and poweroff commands are effectively shortcuts that point to the systemctl command. Retaining these commands provides a degree of compatibility with System V init-based distributions. It means shell scripts (and hard-core System V system administrators) don’t keel over if they are moved to a computer with a systemd distribution running on it.
Using Shutdown
Shutting down or rebooting a multi-user system means you have to plan ahead. You need to decide when you’re going to go for the shutdown or reboot, and warn the other system users the shutdown is coming, and when. If it is your own computer and you’re the only one who uses it, life is much simpler.
To run any of these commands you have to be in the sudo group. That is, you must have superuser permissions and be able to use the sudo command. If the command you have issued is going to take effect immediately and will not affect other logged in users, you will not need to use sudo. If you try to use one of these commands and the command is refused, re-try with sudo .
By default the shutdown command ensures that all processes are stopped cleanly, all filesystems are synced, and all CPU activity has ceased. This is the ‘halt’ state. It then sends a message to the hardware to cut off power. This, of course, is the shutdown or “poweroff” state.
It is common to pass shutdown some parameters, such as a time string and a message that will be sent to the logged in users to warn them off the shutdown. Let’s schedule a shutdown for 15 minutes from now. Type shutdown , a space, +15, a space, and then the message to send to the users.
The time string we used was +15 , representing 15 minutes from now. The + is optional. We could have typed 15.
We get a response that confirms a shutdown is scheduled and when it will occur. Logged in users will receive the message that we provided.
To cancel a shutdown, use the -c (cancel) option.
Although you don’t get any notification that your shutdown has been canceled, your logged in users do get notified.
If you don’t provide a time string a shutdown will be scheduled for one minute from now. Note that you can’t provide a message to your logged in users if you don’t specify a time string.
If you can’t even wait a minute, you can use now as the time string and the shutdown takes immediate effect. Using now is like using +0.
The time string can be a set time, such as 23:00. It must follow the format of HH:MM and must be in the 24-hour clock. Five minutes before the system goes down new logins are prevented.
We know the default action of shutdown makes the computer go down to the halt state and then into the powered off state. We can override this behavior by passing other command line options to it.
The -H (halt) option will take your computer down to the halt state but will not ask the hardware to power down. The -P (poweroff) is the default action . The computer is brought down to the halt state and is then powered off. The -r (reboot) option will take your computer down to the halt state and then restart it. The -h (halt and poweroff) option is the same as -P. If you use -h and -H together, the -H option takes priority. The -c (cancel) option will cancel any scheduled shutdown, halt or reboot.
Here’s an example where we have scheduled a reboot.
The reboot, halt and poweroff Commands
These commands perform the action their name suggests. However, each of them will accept command line options to make any one of them perform a reboot, a halt, or a poweroff. But why confuse matters? These commands are best used at face value.
If you want to reboot now, use reboot . If you want to poweroff now, use poweroff, and if you want halt the system now, use halt.
These commands take immediate effect. If any of these commands are refused, precede them with sudo. But be aware, a refusal is usually because there are other users logged into the system that you’re about to take offline.
Which Command is Right For Me?
In multi-user environments using shutdown to perform these actions gives you more control. The facility to schedule shutdowns and reboots, and to alert users with a broadcast message will be invaluable in these cases. For a single-user computer, reboot and poweroff will probably meet your needs.
